Running head: SUMMARIES1SummariesStudent NameInstitution AffiliationSUMMARIES2PART IIa) Variability in Minority School Performance by John OgbuThis article by John Ogbu traces the different approaches used in examining theeducational system from an educational point of view. Ogbu points out that out-of-classinfluence on perceptions of students on matters of schooling as the main reason that affectsperformance, such as their history, and such issues as the way they entered the United Statesor even past tribulations.Ogbu identifies independent groups such as Mormons or Jews who preserve their cultureirrespective of the dominant religion, voluntary immigrant minorities, such as AfricanImmigrants in search of better opportunities, and involuntary immigrants such as AfricanAmericans who were forcibly brought in as slaves (Ogbu, 1987). According to Ogbu,voluntary immigrants have a positive approach in school and hence tend to integrate betterand thus perform better, as opposed to involuntary immigrants who are more likely to have anegative attitude to dominant norms, cultures, and policies and hence affect their perceptionsin school as well as their performance. Societal issues such as denial of jobs and access toeducation to minorities are significant causes of wrong impressions.b) Complicating the Immigrant by Margaret A. GibsonGibson seeks to find out the reasons for variations in the school performance ofinvoluntary minorities. She points out tha ...
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